Currently accepting new patients. Sign up as soon as possible as we are accepting new patients for a limited time only.
We accept patients who have DSHS medical coupon insurance. We also offer a sliding fee scale for patients with regular insurance.
Tel: 206-501-3819
Email: help@dshsdental.com
Dental implant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (August 2010)
A Straumann-brand root-form endosseous dental implant placed in the site of the maxillary left permanent first molar with bone graft used to elevate the sinus floor
A dental implant is an artificial tooth root used in dentistry to support restorations that resemble a tooth or group of teeth.
Virtually all dental implants placed today are root-form endosseous implants. In other words, virtually all dental implants placed in the 21st century appear similar to an actual tooth root (and thus possess a "root-form") and are placed within the bone (end- being the Greek prefix for "in" and osseous referring to "bone").
Prior to the advent of root-form endosseous implants, most implants were either blade endosseous implants, in that the shape of the metal piece placed within the bone resembled a flat blade, or subperiosteal implants, in which a framework was constructed to lie upon and was attached with screws to the exposed bone of the jaws.
Dental implants can be used to support a number of dental prostheses, including crowns, implant-supported bridges or dentures.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Composition
3 Training
4 Surgical procedure
4.1 Surgical planning
4.2 Basic procedure
4.3 Detail procedure
4.4 Surgical incisions
4.5 Healing time
4.6 One-stage, two-stage surgery
4.7 Surgical timing
4.8 Immediate placement
4.9 Use of CT scanning
5 Complementary procedures
6 Considerations
7 Success rates
8 Failure
9 Contraindications
10 Market
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
[edit]History
The Mayan civilization has been shown to have used the earliest known examples of endosseous implants (implants embedded into bone), dating back over 1,350 years before Per-Ingvar Brånemark started working with titanium. While excavating Mayan burial sites in Honduras in 1931, archaeologists found a fragment of mandible of Mayan origin, dating from about 600 AD. This mandible, which is considered to be that of a woman in her twenties, had three tooth-shaped pieces of shell placed into the sockets of three missing lower incisor teeth. For forty years the archaeological world considered that these shells were placed after death in a manner also observed in the ancient Egyptians. However, in 1970 a Brazilian dental academic, Professor Amadeo Bobbio studied the mandibular specimen and took a series of radiographs. He noted compact bone formation around two of the implants which led him to conclude that the implants were placed during life.
In the 1950s research was being conducted at Cambridge University in England to study blood flow in vivo. These workers devised a method of constructing a chamber of titanium which was then embedded into the soft tissue of the ears of rabbits. In 1952 the Swedish orthopaedic surgeon, P I Brånemark, was interested in studying bone healing and regeneration, and adopted the Cambridge designed ‘rabbit ear chamber’ for use in the rabbit femur. Following several months of study he attempted to retrieve these expensive chambers from the rabbits and found that he was unable to remove them. Per Brånemark observed that bone had grown into such close proximity with the titanium that it effectively adhered to the metal. Brånemark carried out many further studies into this phenomenon, using both animal and human subjects, which all confirmed this unique property of titanium.
Meanwhile an Italian medical doctor called Stefano Melchiade Tramonte, understood that titanium could be used for dental restorations and after designing a titanium screw to support his own dental prosthesis, started to use it on many patients in his clinic in 1959. The good results of his clinical studies on humans were published in 1966.[1]
Although Brånemark had originally considered that the first work should centre on knee and hip surgery, he finally decided that the mouth was more accessible for continued clinical observations and the high rate of edentulism in the general population offered more subjects for widespread study. He termed the clinically observed adherence of bone with titanium as ‘osseointegration’. In 1965 Brånemark, who was by then the Professor of Anatomy at Gothenburg University in Sweden, placed his first titanium dental implant into a human volunteer, a Swede named Gösta Larsson.
Contemporaneous independent research in the United States by Stevens and Alexander led to a 1969 US patent filing for titanium dental implants.[2]
Over the next fourteen years Brånemark published many studies on the use of titanium in dental implantology until in 1978 he entered into a commercial partnership with the Swedish defense company, Bofors AB for the development and marketing of his dental implants. With Bofors (later to become Nobel Industries) as the parent company, Nobelpharma AB (later to be renamed Nobel Biocare) was founded in 1981 to focus on dental implantology. To the present day over 7 million Brånemark System implants have now been placed and hundreds of other companies produce dental implants. The majority of dental implants currently available are shaped like small screws, with either tapered or parallel sides. They can be placed at the same time as a tooth is removed by engaging with the bone of the socket wall and sometimes also with the bone beyond the tip of the socket. Current evidence suggests that implants placed straight into an extraction socket have comparable success rates to those placed into healed bone.[3] The success rate and radiographic results of immediate restorations of dental implants placed in fresh extraction sockets (the temporary crowns placed at the same time) have been shown to be comparable to those obtained with delayed loading (the crowns placed weeks or months later) in carefully selected cases[4]
Some current research in dental implantology is focusing on the use of ceramic materials such as zirconia (ZrO2) in the manufacture of dental implants. Zirconia is the dioxide of zirconium, a metal close to titanium in the periodic table and with similar biocompatability properties.[5] Although generally the same shape as titanium implants, zirconia, which has been used successfully for orthopaedic surgery for a number of years, has the advantage of being more cosmetically aesthetic owing to its bright tooth-like colour.[6] However, long-term clinical data is necessary before one-piece ZrO2 implants can be recommended for daily practice.[7]
[edit]Composition
A typical implant consists of a titanium screw (resembling a tooth root) with a roughened or smooth surface. The majority of dental implants are made out of commercially pure titanium, which is available in 4 grades depending upon the amount of carbon and iron contained.[8] More recently grade 5 titanium has increased in use. Grade 5 titanium, Titanium 6AL-4V, (signifying the Titanium alloy containing 6% Aluminium and 4% Vanadium alloy) is believed to offer similar osseointegration levels as commercially pure titanium. Ti-6Al-4V alloy offers better tensile strength and fracture resistance. Today most implants are still made out of commercially pure titanium (grades 1 to 4) but some implant systems (Endopore and NanoTite) are fabricated out of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy.[9] Implant surfaces may be modified by plasma spraying, anodizing,[10] etching or sandblasting to increase the surface area and the integration potential of the implant.
[edit]Training
Implant surgery may be performed as an outpatient under general anesthesia, oral conscious sedation, nitrous oxide sedation, intravenous sedation or under local anesthesia by trained and certified clinicians including general dentists, oral surgeons, prosthodontists, and periodontists.
The legal training requirements for dentists who carry out implant treatment differ from country to country. In the UK implant dentistry is considered by the General Dental Council to be a postgraduate sphere of dentistry. In other words it is not sufficiently covered during the teaching of the university dental degree course and dentists wishing to practice in dental implantology legally need to undergo additional formal postgraduate training. The General Dental Council has published strict guidelines on the training required for a dentist to be able to place dental implants in general dental practice.[11] UK dentists need to complete a competency assessed postgraduate extended learning program before providing implant dentistry to patients.
The degree to which both graduate and post-graduate dentists receive training in the surgical placement of implants varies from country to country,[12][13][14] but it seems likely that lack of formal training will lead to higher complication rates.[15]
[edit]Surgical procedure
[edit]Surgical planning
Prior to commencement of surgery, careful and detailed planning is required to identify vital structures such as the inferior alveolar nerve or the sinus, as well as the shape and dimensions of the bone to properly orient the implants for the most predictable outcome. Two-dimensional radiographs, such as orthopantomographs or periapicals are often taken prior to the surgery. In most instances, a CT scan will also be obtained. Specialized 3D CAD/CAM computer programs may be used to plan the case.
Whether CT-guided or manual, a 'stent' may sometimes be required to facilitate the placement of implants. A surgical stent is an acrylic wafer that fits over either the teeth, the bone surface or the mucosa (when all the teeth are missing) with pre-drilled holes to show the position and angle of the implants to be placed. The surgical stent may be produced using stereolithography following computerized planning of a case from the CT scan.
[edit]Basic procedure
In its most basic form the placement of an osseointegrated implant requires a preparation into the bone using either hand osteotomes or precision drills with highly regulated speed[16] to prevent burning or pressure necrosis of the bone. After a variable amount of time to allow the bone to grow on to the surface of the implant (osseointegration) a tooth or teeth can be placed on the implant. The amount of time required to place an implant will vary depending on the experience of the practitioner, the quality and quantity of the bone and the difficulty of the individual situation.
[edit]Detail procedure
At edentulous (without teeth) jaw sites, a pilot hole is bored into the recipient bone, taking care to avoid the vital structures (in particular the inferior alveolar nerve or IAN and the mental foramen within the mandible). Drilling into jawbone usually occurs in several separate steps. The pilot hole is expanded by using progressively wider drills (typically between three and seven successive drilling steps, depending on implant width and length). Care is taken not to damage the osteoblast or bone cells by overheating. A cooling saline or water spray keeps the temperature of the bone to below 47 degrees Celsius (approximately 117 degrees Fahrenheit). The implant screw can be self-tapping, and is screwed into place at a precise torque so as not to overload the surrounding bone (overloaded bone can die, a condition called osteonecrosis, which may lead to failure of the implant to fully integrate or bond with the jawbone). Typically in most implant systems, the osteotomy or drilled hole is about 1mm deeper than the implant being placed, due to the shape of the drill tip. Surgeons must take the added length into consideration when drilling in the vicinity of vital structures.
[edit]Surgical incisions
Traditionally, an incision is made over the crest of the site where the implant is to be placed. This is referred to as a 'flap'. Some systems allow for 'flapless' surgery where a piece of mucosa is punched-out from over the implant site. Proponents of 'flapless' surgery believe that it decreases recovery time while its detractors believe it increases complication rates because the edge of bone cannot be visualized.[17][18] Because of these visualization problems flapless surgery is often carried out using a surgical guide constructed following computerized 3D planning of a pre-operative CT scan.
[edit]Healing time
The amount of time required for an implant to become osseointegrated is a hotly debated topic.[19] Consequently the amount of time that practitioners allow the implant to heal before placing a restoration on it varies widely. In general, practitioners allow 2–6 months for healing but preliminary studies show that early loading of implant may not increase early or long term complications.[20] If the implant is loaded too soon, it is possible that the implant may move which results in failure. The subsequent time to heal, possibly graft and eventually place a new implant may take up to eighteen months. For this reason many are reluctant to push the envelope for healing.
[edit]One-stage, two-stage surgery
When an implant is placed either a 'healing abutment', which comes through the mucosa, is placed or a 'cover screw' which is flush with the surface of the dental implant is placed. When a cover screw is placed the mucosa covers the implant while it integrates then a second surgery is completed to place the healing abutment.
Two-stage surgery is sometimes chosen when a concurrent bone graft is placed or surgery on the mucosa may be required for esthetic reasons. Some implants are one piece so that no healing abutment is required.
In carefully selected cases, patients can be implanted and restored in a single surgery, in a procedure labeled "Immediate Loading". In such cases a provisional prosthetic tooth or crown is shaped to avoid the force of the bite transferring to the implant while it integrates with the bone.
[edit]Surgical timing
There are different approaches to place dental implants after tooth extraction. The approaches are:
Immediate post-extraction implant placement.
Delayed immediate post-extraction implant placement (2 weeks to 3 months after extraction).
Late implantation (3 months or more after tooth extraction).
According to the timing of loading of dental implants, the procedure of loading could be classified into:
Immediate loading procedure.
Early loading (1 week to 12 weeks).
Delayed loading (over 3 months)
[edit]Immediate placement
An increasingly common strategy to preserve bone and reduce treatment times includes the placement of a dental implant into a recent extraction site. In addition, immediate loading is becoming more common as success rates for this procedure are now acceptable. This can cut months off the treatment time and in some cases a prosthetic tooth can be attached to the implants at the same time as the surgery to place the dental implants.
Most data suggests that when placed into single rooted tooth sites with healthy bone and mucosa around them, the success rates are comparable to that of delayed procedures with no additional complications.[21]
[edit]Use of CT scanning
When computed tomography, also called cone beam computed tomography or CBCT (3D X-ray imaging) is used preoperatively to accurately pinpoint vital structures including the inferior alveolar canal, the mental foramen, and the maxillary sinus, the chances of complications are dramatically reduced as is chairtime and number of visits.[22] Cone beam CT scanning, when compared to traditional medical CT scanning, utilizes less than 2% of the radiation, provides more accuracy in the area of interest, and is safer for the patient.[23] CBCT allows the surgeon to create a surgical guide, which allows the surgeon to accurately angle the implant into the ideal space, increasing success rates and decreasing post-operative healing.[24]
[edit]Complementary procedures
Sinus lifting is a common surgical intervention. A dentist or specialist with proper training such as a periodontist, prosthodontist, or oral surgeon thickens the inadequate part of atrophic maxilla towards the sinus with the help of bone transplantation or bone expletive substance. This results in more volume for a better quality bone site for the implantation. Prudent clinicians who wish to avoid placement of implants into the sinus cavity pre-plan sinus lift surgery using the precision diagnostic guidance afforded by a 3D CBCT X-ray, as in the case of posterior mandibular implants discussed earlier.
Bone grafting will be necessary in cases where there is a lack of adequate maxillary or mandibular bone in terms of front to back (lip to tongue) depth or thickness; top to bottom height; and left to right width. Sufficient bone is needed in three dimensions to securely integrate with the root-like implant. Improved bone height—which is very difficult to achieve—is particularly important to assure ample anchorage of the implant's root-like shape because it has to support the mechanical stress of chewing, just like a natural tooth.
Typically, implantologists try to place implants at least as deeply into bone as the crown or tooth will be above the bone. This is called a 1:1 crown to root ratio. This ratio establishes the target for bone grafting in most cases. If 1:1 or better cannot be achieved, the patient is usually advised that only a short implant can be placed and to not expect a long period of usability.
A wide range of grafting materials and substances may be used during the process of bone grafting / bone replacement. They include the patient's own bone (autograft), which may be harvested from the hip (iliac crest) or from spare jawbone; processed bone from cadavers (allograft); bovine bone or coral (xenograft); or artificially produced bone-like substances (calcium sulfate with names like Regeneform; and hydroxyapatite or HA, which is the primary form of calcium found in bone). The HA is effective as a substrate for osteoblasts to grow on. Some implants are coated with HA for this reason, although the bone forming properties of many of these substances is a hotly debated topic in bone research groups. Alternatively the bone intended to support the implant can be split and widened with the implant placed between the two halves like a sandwich. This is referred to as a 'ridge split' procedure.
Bone graft surgery has its own standard of care. In a typical procedure, the clinician creates a large flap of the gingiva or gum to fully expose the jawbone at the graft site, performs one or several types of block and onlay grafts in and on existing bone, then installs a membrane designed to repel unwanted infection-causing microbiota found in the oral cavity. Then the mucosa is carefully sutured over the site. Together with a course of systemic antibiotics and topical antibacterial mouth rinses, the graft site is allowed to heal (several months).
The clinician typically takes a new radiograph to confirm graft success in width and height, and assumes that positive signs in these two dimensions safely predict success in the third dimension; depth. Where more precision is needed, usually when mandibular implants are being planned, a 3D or cone beam radiograph may be called for at this point to enable accurate measurement of bone and location of nerves and vital structures for proper treatment planning. The same radiographic data set can be employed for the preparation of computer-designed placement guides.
Correctly performed, a bone graft produces live vascular bone which is very much like natural jawbone and is therefore suitable as a foundation for implants.
[edit]Considerations
For dental implant procedure to work, there must be enough bone in the jaw, and the bone has to be strong enough to hold and support the implant. If there is not enough bone, more may need to be added with a bone graft procedure discussed earlier. Sometimes, this procedure is called bone augmentation. In addition, natural teeth and supporting tissues near where the implant will be placed must be in good health.
In all cases careful consideration must be given to the final functional aspects of the restoration, such as assessing the forces which will be placed on the implant. Implant loading from chewing and parafunction (abnormal grinding or clenching habits) can exceed the biomechanic tolerance of the implant bone interface and/or the titanium material itself, causing failure. This can be failure of the implant itself (fracture) or bone loss, a "melting" or resorption of the surrounding bone.
The dentist must first determine what type of prosthesis will be fabricated. Only then can the specific implant requirements including number, length, diameter, and thread pattern be determined. In other words, the case must be reverse engineered by the restoring dentist prior to the surgery. If bone volume or density is inadequate, a bone graft procedure must be considered first. The restoring dentist may consult with the periodontist, endodontist, oral surgeon, or another trained general dentist to co-treat the patient. Usually, physical models or impressions of the patient's jawbones and teeth are made by the restorative dentist at the implant surgeons request, and are used as physical aids to treatment planning. If not supplied, the implant surgeon makes his own or relies upon advanced computer-assisted tomography or a cone beam CT scan to achieve the proper treatment plan.
Computer simulation software based on CT scan data allows virtual implant surgical placement based on a barium impregnated prototype of the final prosthesis. This predicts vital anatomy, bone quality, implant characteristics, the need for bone grafting, and maximizing the implant bone surface area for the treatment case creating a high level of predictability. Computer CAD/CAM milled or stereolithography based drill guides can be developed for the implant surgeon to facilitate proper implant placement based on the final prosthesis' occlusion and aesthetics.
Treatment planning software can also be used to demonstrate "try-ins" to the patient on a computer screen. When options have been fully discussed between patient and surgeon, the same software can be used to produce precision drill guides. Specialized software applications such as 'SimPlant' (simulated implant) or 'NobelGuide' use the digital data from a patient's CBCT to build a treatment plan. A data set is then produced and sent to a lab for production of a precision in-mouth drilling guide.[25]
[edit]Success rates
Dental implant success is related to operator skill, quality and quantity of the bone available at the site, and the patient's oral hygiene. The consensus is that implants carry a success rate of around 95%[26]
One of the most important factors that determine implant success is the achievement and maintenance of implant stability.[27] The stability is presented as an ISQ (Implant Stability Quotient) value. Other contributing factors to the success of dental implant placement, as with most surgical procedures, include the patient's overall general health and compliance with post-surgical care.
[edit]Failure
Failure of a dental implant is often related to failure to osseointegrate correctly. A dental implant is considered to be a failure if it is lost, mobile or shows peri-implant (around the implant) bone loss of greater than 1.0 mm in the first year and greater than 0.2mm a year after.
Dental implants are not susceptible to dental caries but they can develop a condition called peri-implantitis. This is an inflammatory condition of the mucosa and/or bone around the implant which may result in bone loss and eventual loss of the implant. The condition is usually, but not always, associated with a chronic infection. Peri-implantitis is more likely to occur in heavy smokers, patients with diabetes, patients with poor oral hygiene and cases where the mucosa around the implant is thin.[28]
Currently there is no universal agreement on the best treatment for peri-implantitis. The condition and its causes is still poorly understood.[29]
Risk of failure is increased in smokers. For this reason implants are frequently placed only after a patient has stopped smoking as the treatment is very expensive. More rarely, an implant may fail because of poor positioning at the time of surgery, or may be overloaded initially causing failure to integrate. If smoking and positioning problems exist prior to implant surgery, clinicians often advise patients that a bridge or partial denture rather than an implant may be a better solution.
Failure may also occur independently of the causes outlined above. Implants like any other object suffers from wear and tear. If the implants in question are replacing commonly used teeth, then these may suffer from wear and tear and after years may crack and break up. This is a very rare occurrence, however possible. The only way to minimize the risk of this happening is to visit your dentist for regular reviews.
In the majority of cases where an implant fails to integrate with the bone and is rejected by the body the cause is unknown. This may occur in around 5% of cases. To this day we still do not know why bone will integrate with titanium dental implants and why it does not reject the material as a 'foreign body'. Many theories have been postulated over the last five decades. A recent theory argues that rather than being an active biological tissue response, the integration of bone with an implant is the lack of a negative tissue response. In other word for unknown reasons the usual response of the body to reject foreign objects implanted into it does not function correctly with titanium implants. It has further been postulated that an implant rejection occurs in patients whose bone tissues actually react as they naturally should with the 'foreign body' and reject the implant in the same manner that would occur with most other implanted materials.[30]
[edit]Contraindications
There are few absolute contraindications to implant dentistry. However there are some systemic, behavioral and anatomic considerations that should be assessed.
Particularly for mandibular (lower jaw) implants, in the vicinity of the mental foramen (MF), there must be sufficient alveolar bone above the mandibular canal also called the inferior alveolar canal or IAC (which acts as the conduit for the neurovascular bundle carrying the inferior alveolar nerve or IAN).
Failure to precisely locate the IAN and MF invites surgical insult by the drills and the implant itself. Such insult may cause irreparable damage to the nerve, often felt as a paresthesia (numbness) or dysesthesia (painful numbness) of the gum, lip and chin. This condition may persist for life and may be accompanied by unconscious drooling.
Uncontrolled type II diabetes is a significant relative contraindication as healing following any type of surgical procedure is delayed due to poor peripheral blood circulation. Anatomic considerations include the volume and height of bone available. Often an ancillary procedure known as a block graft or sinus augmentation are needed to provide enough bone for successful implant placement.
There is new information about intravenous and oral bisphosphonates (taken for certain forms of breast cancer and osteoporosis, respectively) which may put patients at a higher risk of developing a delayed healing syndrome called osteonecrosis. Implants are contraindicated for some patients who take intravenous bisphosphonates.
The many millions of patients who take an oral bisphosphonate (such as Actonel, Fosamax and Boniva) may sometimes be advised to stop the administration prior to implant surgery, then resume several months later. However, current evidence suggests that this protocol may not be necessary. As of January, 2008, an oral bisphosphonate study reported in the February 2008 Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, reviewing 115 cases that included 468 implants, concluded "There is no evidence of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw in any of the patients evaluated in the clinic and those contacted by phone or e-mail reported no symptoms."[31]
The American Dental Association had addressed bisphosphonates in an article entitled "Bisphosphonate medications and your oral health,"[32] In an Overview, the ADA stated "The risk of developing BON [bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw] in patients on oral bisphosphonate therapy appears to be very low...". The ADA Council on Scientific Affairs also employed a panel of experts who issued recommendations [for clinicians] for treatment of patients on oral bisphosphonates, published in June, 2006. The overview may be read online at ada.org but it has now been superseded by a huge study—encompassing over 700,000 cases—entitled "Bisphosphonate Use and the Risk of Adverse Jaw Outcomes." Like the 2008 JOMS study, the ADA study exonerates oral bisphosphonates as a contraindication to dental implants.[33]
Bruxism (tooth clenching or grinding) is another consideration which may reduce the prognosis for treatment. The forces generated during bruxism are particularly detrimental to implants while bone is healing; micromovements in the implant positioning are associated with increased rates of implant failure. Bruxism continues to pose a threat to implants throughout the life of the recipient.[34] Natural teeth contain a periodontal ligament allowing each tooth to move and absorb shock in response to vertical and horizontal forces. Once replaced by dental implants, this ligament is lost and teeth are immovably anchored directly into the jaw bone. This problem can be minimized by wearing a custom made mouthguard (such an NTI appliance) at night.
Postoperatively, after implants have been placed, there are physical contraindications that prompt rapid action by the implantology team. Excessive or severe pain lasting more than three days is a warning sign, as is excessive bleeding. Constant numbness of the gingiva (gum), lip and chin—usually noticed after surgical anesthesia wears off—is another warning sign. In the latter case, which may be accompanied by severe constant pain, the standard of care calls for diagnosis to determine if the surgical procedure insulted the IAN. A 3D cone beam X-ray provides the necessary data, but even before this step a prudent implantologist may back out or completely remove an implant in an effort to restore nerve function because delay is usually ineffective. Depending upon the evidence visible with a 3D X-ray, patients may be referred to a specialist in nerve repair. In all cases, speed in diagnosis and treatment are necessary.
[edit]Market
In the United States and the United Kingdom, there is no exclusive specialty in 'implantology'.
Any practitioner who carries out implant treatment, whether in the surgical insertion or the final provision of the prosthesis, must be adequately trained. Legal training requirements differ between countries.
In 2008, in the UK the General Dental Council (GDC) laid down strict training requirements[35] for dentists involved in dental implantology. Any dentist in the UK who wishes to train in the field of dental implantology must take part in an extended learning program which covers a detailed theory syllabus, as approved by the GDC,[36] in addition to formal supervised surgical training and mentoring. Dentists must not take part in implant dentistry in the UK until they have been approved by the training provider as having passed a formal competency assessment. Failure to comply with the GDC regulations may result in a dentist being removed from the Dental Register and hence losing the right to practice dentistry in the UK.[37]
[edit]See also
Periodontist
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Bone grafts in Dental Implantology
Dental bridge
Osseointegration
Dental tourism
Gold teeth
American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
European Association for Osseointegration
British Society of Oral Implantology
[edit]References
^ Annali di Stomatologia - Su alcuni casi particolarmente interessanti di impianto endosseo con vite autofilettante - Vol XV - Aprile 1966
^ US patent 3579831, Stevens, Irving J.; Alexander, Jerry, "Bone Implant", granted 1971-05-25
^ Quirynen M, Van Assche N, Botticelli D, Berglundh T (2007). "How does the timing of implant placement to extraction affect outcome?". The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 22 Suppl: 203–23. PMID 18437797.
^ Crespi R, Capparé P, Gherlone E, Romanos GE (2008). "Immediate versus delayed loading of dental implants placed in fresh extraction sockets in the maxillary esthetic zone: a clinical comparative study". The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 23 (4): 753–8. PMID 18807574.
^ Gahlert M, Röhling S, Wieland M, Sprecher CM, Kniha H, Milz S (November 2009). "Osseointegration of zirconia and titanium dental implants: a histological and histomorphometrical study in the maxilla of pigs". Clinical Oral Implants Research 20 (11): 1247–53. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01734.x. PMID 19531104.
^ Depprich R, Zipprich H, Ommerborn M, et al. (2008). "Osseointegration of zirconia implants: an SEM observation of the bone-implant interface". Head & Face Medicine 4: 25. doi:10.1186/1746-160X-4-25. PMID 18990214.
^ Andreiotelli M, Kohal RJ (June 2009). "Fracture strength of zirconia implants after artificial aging". Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 11 (2): 158–66. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2008.00105.x. PMID 18657150.
^ Arturo N. Natali (ed.) (2003). "Dental Biomechanics". Taylor & Francis, London / New York, 273 pp., ISBN 9-780-415-30666-9, pp. 69-87.
^ Osseointegration, Zard et al. Quintessence 2009.[verification needed]
^ Palmer R (March 2007). "Ti-unite dental implant surface may be superior to machined surface in replacement of failed implants". The Journal of Evidence-based Dental Practice 7 (1): 8–9. doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2006.12.001. PMID 17403502.
^ General Dental Council (October 30, 2008). "Doing implants? Make sure you’re up to scratch, warns GDC". Press release. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
^ Melo MD, McGann G, Obeid G (December 2007). "Survey of implant training in oral and maxillofacial surgery residency programs in the United States". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 65 (12): 2554–8. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2007.06.685. PMID 18022483.
^ Jokstad A (July 2008). "Where can I learn how to place dental implants? Perspectives from Scandinavia and Canada". International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 37 (7): 593–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2007.12.009. PMID 18295450.
^ Addy LD, Lynch CD, Locke M, Watts A, Gilmour AS (December 2008). "The teaching of implant dentistry in undergraduate dental schools in the United Kingdom and Ireland". British Dental Journal 205 (11): 609–14. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.1027. PMID 19079107.
^ Binon PP (July 2007). "Treatment planning complications and surgical miscues". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 65 (7 Suppl 1): 73–92. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2007.03.014. PMID 17586352.
^ Brisman DL (1996). "The effect of speed, pressure, and time on bone temperature during the drilling of implant sites". The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 11 (1): 35–7. PMID 8820120.
^ Berdougo M, Fortin T, Blanchet E, Isidori M, Bosson JL (February 2009). "Flapless Implant Surgery Using an Image-Guided System. A 1- to 4-Year Retrospective Multicenter Comparative Clinical Study". Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 12 (2): 142–52. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2008.00146.x. PMID 19220842.
^ Becker W, Goldstein M, Becker BE, Sennerby L, Kois D, Hujoel P (February 2009). "Minimally invasive flapless implant placement: follow-up results from a multicenter study". Journal of Periodontology 80 (2): 347–52. doi:10.1902/jop.2009.080286. PMID 19186977.
^ Gerds TA, Vogeler M (December 2005). "Endpoints and survival analysis for successful osseointegration of dental implants". Statistical Methods in Medical Research 14 (6): 579–90. doi:10.1191/0962280205sm420oa. PMID 16355545.
^ Fischer K, Stenberg T, Hedin M, Sennerby L (May 2008). "Five-year results from a randomized, controlled trial on early and delayed loading of implants supporting full-arch prosthesis in the edentulous maxilla". Clinical Oral Implants Research 19 (5): 433–41. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01510.x. PMID 18371094.
^ Bhola M, Neely AL, Kolhatkar S (October 2008). "Immediate implant placement: clinical decisions, advantages, and disadvantages". Journal of Prosthodontics 17 (7): 576–81. doi:10.1111/j.1532-849X.2008.00359.x. PMID 18761580.
^ Spector L (October 2008). "Computer-aided dental implant planning". Dental Clinics of North America 52 (4): 761–75, vi. doi:10.1016/j.cden.2008.05.004. PMID 18805228.
^ Ludlow JB (November 2008). "Regarding 'Influence of CBCT exposure conditions on radiation dose'". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 106 (5): 627–8; author reply 628–9. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.06.031. PMID 18801676.
^ Viegas VN, Dutra V, Pagnoncelli RM, de Oliveira MG (January 2010). "Transference of virtual planning and planning over biomedical prototypes for dental implant placement using guided surgery". Clinical Oral Implants Research 21 (3): 290–5. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01833.x. PMID 20074239.
^ http://www.materialise.com/materialise/view/en/554529-SurgiGuide.html
^ Esposito M, Grusovin MG, Willings M, Coulthard P, Worthington HV (2007). "The effectiveness of immediate, early, and conventional loading of dental implants: a Cochrane systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials". The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 22 (6): 893–904. PMID 18271370.
^ Albrektsson T, Zarb GA (1993). "Current interpretations of the osseointegrated response: clinical significance". The International Journal of Prosthodontics 6 (2): 95–105. PMID 8329101.
^ Fransson C, Wennström J, Tomasi C, Berglundh T (April 2009). "Extent of peri-implantitis-associated bone loss". Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36 (4): 357–63. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2009.01375.x. PMID 19426183.
^ Pye AD, Lockhart DE, Dawson MP, Murray CA, Smith AJ (June 2009). "A review of dental implants and infection". The Journal of Hospital Infection 72 (2): 104–10. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2009.02.010. PMID 19329223.
^ Mavrogenis AF, Dimitriou R, Parvizi J, Babis GC (2009). "Biology of implant osseointegration". Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions 9 (2): 61–71. PMID 19516081.
^ Grant BT, Amenedo C, Freeman K, Kraut RA (February 2008). "Outcomes of placing dental implants in patients taking oral bisphosphonates: a review of 115 cases". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 66 (2): 223–30. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2007.09.019. PMID 18201600.
^ "Bisphosphonate medications and your oral health". Journal of the American Dental Association 137 (7): 1048. July 2006. PMID 16803833.
^ Cartsos VM, Zhu S, Zavras AI (January 2008). "Bisphosphonate use and the risk of adverse jaw outcomes: a medical claims study of 714,217 people". Journal of the American Dental Association 139 (1): 23–30. PMID 18167381.
^ McCoy G (2002). "Recognizing and managing parafunction in the reconstruction and maintenance of the oral implant patient". Implant Dentistry 11 (1): 19–27. PMID 11915541.
^ http://www.gdc-uk.org/Our+work/Education+and+quality+assurance/Policy+statement+on+implantology.htm
^ Training Standards in Implant Dentistry. The Royal College of Surgeons of England; London 2008[page needed]
^ Policy Statement on Implant Dentistry. The General Dental Council; London. 9th April 2008[page needed]
[edit]External links
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive and inappropriate external links or by converting links into footnote references. (February 2010)
OsseoNews Expert Discussions on Dental Implants
American Academy of Implant Dentistry
Academy of Osseointegration, professional association of implant dentists
ITI:International Team for Implantology, professional association of implant dentists
American Academy of Periodontology, dental implants guide
Association of Dental Implantology UK
Implant Dentistry
American Dental Implant Association
International Congress of Oral Implantologists
South African Society for Periodontology
Dental Implants Before and After
Journal of Implant and Advanced Clinical Dentistry
Journal of Dental Implantology
Encyclopedia about Dental Implants in Russian
Nelson S, Thomas G (May 2009). "Bacterial Persistence in Dentoalveolar Bone Following Extraction: A Microbiological Study and Implications for Dental Implant Treatment". Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2009.00165.x. PMID 19438939.
Website for determining implants from just a radiograph
[hide]
v • d • e
Dentistry
Recognized Specialties
(in the United States)
Endodontics - Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology - Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology - Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics - Pediatric Dentistry - Periodontics - Prosthodontics - Dental public health
Unrecognized Specialties
(in the United States)
Cosmetic Dentistry - Dental Implantology - Temporomandibular Joint Disorder - Geriatric dentistry - Restorative Dentistry - Forensic Odontology - Dental Traumatology
Procedures
Dental extraction - Tooth filling - Root canal therapy - Root end surgery - Scaling and root planing - Teeth cleaning -Tooth bonding - Tooth polishing - Tooth bleaching
See also
List of oral health and dental topics - List of basic dentistry topics - Oral hygiene - Dental instruments - Restorative materials
M: TTH
anat/devp/phys
noco/cong/jaws/tumr, epon, injr
dent, proc (orth, pros, endo)
Categories: Dentistry | Implants | Restorative dentistry | Prosthetics | Oral surgery | Oral and maxillofacial surgery | Medical technology
Root canal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Root canal procedure: unhealthy or injured tooth, drilling
and cleaning, filing with endofile, rubber filling and crown
An X-ray image showing right mandibular first molar which
has had a root canal operation (endodontic therapy) performed on it
For the root canal operation, see endodontic therapy.
A root canal is the space within the root of a tooth. It is
part of a naturally occurring space within a tooth that consists of the pulp
chamber (within the coronal part of the tooth), the main canal(s), and more
intricate anatomical branches that may connect the root canals to each other or
to the surface of the root.
The smaller branches, referred to as accessory canals, are
most frequently found near the root end (apex) but may be encountered anywhere
along the root length. There may be one or two main canals within each root.
Some teeth have more variable internal anatomy than others. This space is
filled with a highly vascularized, loose connective tissue, the dental pulp.
The dental pulp is the tissue of which the dentin portion of
the tooth is composed. The formation of secondary teeth (adult teeth) is
completed by 1-2 years after eruption into the mouth. Once the tooth has
reached its final size and shape, the dental pulp's original function ceases
for all practical purposes[citation needed]. It takes on a secondary role as a
sensory organ.
Root canal is also a colloquial term for a dental operation,
endodontic therapy, wherein the pulp is cleaned out, the space disinfected and
then filled.
Contents [hide]
1 Tooth structure
2 See also
3 Notes
4 External links
[edit]Tooth structure
At the center of a tooth is a hollow area that houses soft
tissue, known as pulp or nerve. This hollow area contains a relatively wide
space in the coronal portion of the tooth called the pulp chamber. This chamber
is connected to the tip of the root via narrow canal(s); hence, the term
"root canal". Human teeth normally have one to four canals, with
teeth toward the back of the mouth having more. These canals run through the
center of the roots like pencil lead through the length of a pencil. The pulp
receives nutrition through the blood vessels and nerves carry signals back to
the brain to warn of adverse events and circumstances.
For many people who experience tooth pain or discomfort, a root canal may be recommended, and a qualified dentist or more preferably an endodontist (root canal therapy specialist) should be consulted in a timely manner.
Find Services | News & Information | Rules &
Regulations | Business Information
(Buscar)
MCH Home
Fee Home
Available Services »
Contractor Information
Forms
Policy/Operations »
Resources »
Calendar
Contact Us
Other Community Health Services
Breast and Cervical Cancer Services
Contract Management
County Indigent Health
Epilepsy
Family Planning
Maternal and Child Health
Primary Health Care
Quality Management
Some of the documents on this site are in PDF (Portable
Document Format), DOC (MS Word), and other formats. For viewing and downloading
information click here.
External links to other sites are intended to be
informational and do not have the endorsement of the Texas Department of State
Health Services.
MCH Child Health and Dental Clinics for Region 2
Clinics for Archer County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Wilbarger, Wichita, Clay, Jack, Young,
Throckmorton, Baylor
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Baylor County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Foard, Knox, Haskell, Throckmorton,
Young, Archer, Wichita, Wilbarger
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Brown County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Callahan, Coleman, McCulloch, San
Saba, Mills, Comanche, Eastland
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Callahan County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Jones, Taylor, Coleman, Brown,
Eastland, Shackelford
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Clay County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Wichita, Archer, Jack, Montague
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Coleman County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Taylor, Runnels, Concho, McCulloch,
Brown, Callahan
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Comanche County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Eastland, Brown, Mills, Hamilton,
Erath
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Cottle County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Hall, Childress, Hardeman, Motley,
Dickens, King, Knox
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Eastland County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Shackelford, Callahan, Brown,
Comanche, Erath, Palo Pinto, Stephens
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Fisher County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Kent, Scurry, Mitchell, Nolan, Taylor,
Jones, Stonewall
Fisher County Hospital District
Roby Rural Health Clinic
117 North 1st Street
Roby, TX 79543
Phone: (325) 776-2500
Fax: (325) 776-2355
Hours: Mon 8-6:30 Tue, Wed, Thur, Fri 8-5
Top of Page
Clinics for Foard County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Hardeman, Cottle, King, Knox,
Wilbarger
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Hardeman County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Childress, Cottle, Foard, Wilbarger
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Haskell County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: King, Stonewall, Jones, Shackelford,
Throckmorton, Baylor, Knox
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Jack County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Archer, Young, Palo Pinto, Wise,
Montague, Clay
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Jones County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Stonewall, Fisher, Nolan, Taylor,
Callahan, Shackelford, Haskell
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Kent County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Crosby, Garza, Scurry, Fisher,
Stonewall, King, Dickens
Fisher County Hospital District
Kent County Rural Health Clinic
1447 North Main
Jayton, TX 78528
Phone: (325) 776-2500
Fax: 3257762355
Hours: Mon - Fri 1 - 5
Top of Page
Clinics for Knox County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Foard, King, Stonewall, Haskell,
Throckmorton, Baylor
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Mitchell County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Borden, Howard, Sterling, Coke, Nolan,
Fisher, Scurry
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Montague County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Clay, Jack, Wise, Cooke
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Nolan County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Scurry, Mitchell, Coke, Runnels,
Taylor, Jones, Fisher
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Runnels County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Nolan, Coke, Tom Green, Concho,
Coleman, Taylor
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Scurry County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Garza, Borden, Howard, Mitchell,
Nolan, Fisher, Kent
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Shackelford County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Haskell, Jones, Taylor, Callahan,
Eastland, Stephens, Throckmorton
Shackelford County Community Resource Center
Shackelford County Community Resource Center
2802 West Walker
Breckenridge, TX 76430
Phone: 2545597215
Fax: 2545597213
Hours: Mon, Tue, Thur, Fri 8-5 Wed 8-7 Sat 9-3
Shackelford County Community Resource Center
Shackelford County Community Resource Center
725 Pate Street
Albany, TX 76430
Phone: 3257622447
Fax: 3257622186
Hours: Mon 8-7 Tue, Wed, Thur, Fri 8-5
Top of Page
Clinics for Stephens County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Throckmorton, Shackelford, Eastland,
Palo Pinto, Young
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Stonewall County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Dickens, Kent, Fisher, Jones, Haskell,
Knox, King
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Taylor County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Fisher, Nolan, Runnels, Coleman,
Callahan, Shackelford, Jones
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Throckmorton County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Knox, Haskell, Shackelford, Stephens,
Young, Archer, Baylor
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Wichita County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Wilbarger, Baylor, Archer, Clay
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Wilbarger County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Hardeman, Foard, Baylor, Archer,
Wichita
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Clinics for Young County, sorted by ZIP code
Surrounding counties: Baylor, Throckmorton, Stephens, Palo
Pinto, Jack, Archer
No clinics listed for this county.
Top of Page
Last Updated September, 2009
DSHS Kent Dentist
Dental Service Providers – Accepting DSHS/Medicaid Children
and/or Adults
LOWER KING COUNTY – Updated: June 2010
Available online at www.kingcounty.gov/health/ABCD
Serving: Federal Way, Kent, Auburn, Maple Valley, Enumclaw,
Bonny Lake, Lake Tapps
Zip Codes service area, 98003, 98022, 98030, 98031, 98032,
98038, 98042, 98092, 98391
Dental Office Language Emergent
Care
ABCD
Children
Infants - 2
ABCD
Children
3 – 5
Children
6 – 18 Adults Pregnant
Women
FEDERAL WAY
Dr. Sidney R. Gallegos
Dr. Kevin Sakai
Dentistry for Children…………………………………………………….....253-874-8454
Tacoma…………………………………………………………………………253-924-0717
926 South 348th Street , Federal Way 98003
(ABCD Referrals Only – Call ABCD Program / 206-263-8750)
Spanish
Russian Yes Yes
Under 14 No No
Dr. Cindy H. Chou , Dr. Van H. Vuong
Dr. Donny T. Tran, Dr. Elaine Lam
Aesthetic Dental Center…………………………………………………….253-946-9900
34700 11th Place South, Federal Way 98003
www.aestheticdentalcenters.com
(ABCD Referrals Only – Call ABCD Program / 206-263-8750)
Chinese-
Mandarin
Spanish
Russian
Ukrainian
Yes Yes No No
Dr. Wayne E. Svoboda
Federal Way Children's Dentistry…………………………………………253-838-2560
Tacoma…………………………………………………………………………253-927-0796
32105 1st Avenue South, Suite B3, Federal Way 98003
Punjabi Yes Yes
Under 14 No No
Dr. Binh T. Tran
Comfort Dental………………………………………………………….……253-529-0123
1014 South 320th Street, Suite E, Federal Way 98003
(ABCD Referrals Only – Call ABCD Program / 206-263-8750)
Russian
Spanish
Vietnamese
Yes No No No
Federal Way Community
Dental Clinic - HealthPoint…………………………………………..……253-874-7646
33431 13th Place, Federal Way 98003
www.healthpointchc.org
(Emergencies, cleanings, exams, fillings and simple
extractions)
Multiple
Languages Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Dr. James S. Wee…… ………………………………………………………253-815-8500
32114 1st Avenue South, Suite 100, Federal Way 98003
(ABCD Referrals Only – Call ABCD Program / 206-263-8750)
Korean
Ukrainian
Spanish
Yes Yes No No
Dr. Meiting Nieh
Dr. Yako Liu
Northwest Dental………………………………………………………....….253-517-9065
720 South 348th Street, Suite #A1-A, Federal Way 98003
www.federalwaynwdental.com
Chinese Yes Yes No No
Dr. Barbara L. Billings………………………………………………..……..253-839-4636
1025 South 320th Street, Suite 201, Federal Way 98003
www.barbarabillings.com
(Uninsured Adults accepted)
English
Only No Yes Yes No
Dr. Douglas Park
Northwest Dentistry…………………………………………………………253-815-0093
1717 South 324th Street, Suite A, Federal Way 98003
Korean Yes Yes No No
Dr. Minh Phan
Family Dentistry………………………………………...……………………253-839-1141
1305 South 312th Street, Suite #201, Federal Way 98003
Spanish
Russian Yes Yes Yes Yes
Dr. Makoto Sugiuchi…………………….…………………………………..253-517-8317
33720 9th Avenue South Suite 1, Federal Way 98003 Japanese
Yes No Yes Yes No No
Dr. Madhuri Vanama
West Campus Dental
Center.................................................................253-838-2055
32105 1st Avenue South, Suite B-5, Federal Way 98003
www.westcampusdentalcenter.com
Hindi
Telugu
Oriya
Yes Yes No No
www.kingcounty.gov/health/CHI
www.kingcounty.gov/health/ABCD www.kingcounty.gov/health
Dental Service Providers – DSHS/Medicaid Children and/or
Adults
LOWER KING COUNTY - Updated: June 2010
(Continued)
Page 2 of 3 ABCD| LOWER – June 2010
Dental Office Language Emergent
Care
ABCD
Children
Infants - 2
ABCD
Children
3 – 5
Children
6 – 18 Adults Pregnant
Women
KENT
Dr. Brad Hwang
Dr. Sue Choi
Children's Dental
Care………...............................................................253-850-1234
24837 104th Avenue SE, Suite 200, Kent 98030
www.childrensdentalcare.com
(ABCD Referrals Only – Call ABCD Program / 206-263-8750)
Spanish
Chinese-
Mandarin
Yes Yes
Under 14 No No
Dr. Curtis Barnett
Dr. Kevin Sakai
Dr. Kimberly L. Heeter
Dentistry for Kids
Lake Meridian Pediatric Dentistry……………………………………..…253-631-6398
13034 SE Kent Kangley Road, Kent 98030
www.dfkwa.com
(Pediatric dentists/specialists - general anesthesia
services available)
Spanish
Russian Yes Yes
Under 15 No No
Dr. Philip J. Spory
Dr. Trevor Tsuchikawa
Kent Dental Group…………………………………………………….…..(253) 458-3711
302 Washington Avenue South, Kent 98032
www.KentDentalGroup.com
Spanish
Chinese Yes Yes Yes Yes
Dr. Harpreet Jaswal
West Hill Family Dental Clinic…………………………………….………253-373-0000
24718 36th Avenue South, Kent 98032
Spanish
Punjabi
Russian
Yes Yes No No
Dr. Hoaichi Phan
Image Family Dental………………………………………………………..425-656-2919
18123 East. Valley Hwy, Suite B-104, Kent 98032
Spanish
Vietnamese Yes Yes Yes Yes
Dr. Paul L. Alota
Great Wall Dental Clinic……………………………………………………425-656-9025
18230 East Valley Highway, Kent 98032
www.greatwallmall.com
Spanish
Filipino
Laotian
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Dr. Sonika Singla
Award Dental………………………………………………………….……..253-851-1542
431 East Ward Street, Kent 98030
www.awarddental.com
(ABCD Referrals Only – Call ABCD Program / 206-263-8750)
English
Only Yes No No No
Dr. Hugh Leung
DSHS Dentist…………………………………………………………...……253-520-3866
431 East Ward Street, Kent 98030
www.dshsdentist.com
(Exams $50, Uninsured accepted)
Spanish
Chinese Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kent Dental Clinic - HealthPoint
......................................................…253-796-4071
403 East Meeker, Suite 100, Kent 98031
www.healthpointchc.org
(Emergencies, cleanings, exams, fillings and simple
extractions)
Multiple
Languages Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
AUBURN
Dr. Kevin Leung
Dr. Samatha Tran
“A” Street Dental Clinic……………………………………………………253-288-9608
902 A Street SE, Suite A, Auburn 98002
www.astreetdentalclinic.com
Spanish
Vietnamese
Russian
Ukrainian
Chinese-
Cantonese
Yes Yes No No
Dr. Jared D. Lothyan
Dr. R. Thomas Cawrse
The Kids’ Dentist……………………………………………………………253-833-5137
722 12th Street SE, Auburn 98002
thekidsdentistrenton.com
English
Only No Yes
Under 14 No No
Auburn Community Dental Clinic – HealthPoint…….………..……...253-804-8713
126 Auburn Avenue South, Suite 100, Auburn 98002
www.healthpointchc.org
(Emergencies, cleanings, exams, fillings and simple
extractions)
Multiple
Languages Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Dental Service Providers – DSHS/Medicaid Children and/or Adults
LOWER KING COUNTY - Updated: June 2010
(Continued)
Page 3 of 3 ABCD| LOWER – June 2010
Public Health Seattle-King County presents this information
as a service to the public. All information is general in nature and not
intended to be a
substitute of individual self-determinations as to choice of
provider. This does not constitute a specific recommendation or endorsement of
any
specific health care professional.
ABCD (Access to Baby & Child Dentistry) Program focuses
on preventive and restorative dental care for Medicaid-eligible children from
birth to 5 years, with emphasis on FIRST TOOTH, FIRST
BIRTHDAY, FIRST DENTAL EXAM. Dentists with the ABCD icon have been specifically
certified / trained by the University of Washington, School
of Dentistry to see children at an early age.
If you have questions or need help with ABCD or DSHS
(Medicaid) medical applications, please call:
King County: Carol A. Allen……….……….....….carol.allen@kingcounty.gov………………………………………………..….……206-263-8750
King County (Most Languages): Community Health Access
Program (CHAP):…………………………….……………..……………..1-800-756-5437
Snohomish County ABCD Program Coordinator: LeeAnn
Cooper………………………………………………………………………….425-339-8640
Pierce County ABCD Program Coordinator: Amanda
Odom…………………………………………………………………………………253-798-4720
ABCD is a partnership between Public Health - Seattle &
King County, Seattle King County Dental Society,
University of Washington, Washington Dental Service
Foundation and ProviderOne (DSHS/Medicaid).
Dental Office Language Emergent
Care
ABCD
Children
Infants - 2
ABCD
Children
3 – 5
Children
6 – 18 Adults Pregnant
Women
MAPLE VALLEY
Dr. Berndardo Taina
Maple Valley Dentistry Professionals………………………………...…425-433-0600
(Behind John L. Scott Realty)
24015 SE Kent Kangley Road C, Maple Valley 98038
www.maplevalleydentist.com
Spanish
Vietnamese Yes Yes No No
BONNEY LAKE / TAPPS LAKE
Dr. Kenny Ho
Dr. Brad Hwang
Children’s Dental Care………………………………………………….….253-826-5000
8412 Myers Road East, Suite 101, Bonney Lake/Lake Tapps
98391
www.childrensdentalcare.com
(ABCD Referrals Only – Call ABCD Program / 206-263-8750)
Spanish
Chinese-
Mandarin
Yes Yes
Under 14 No No
ORTHODONTIST
Dr. Raj V. Angolkar
Angolkar 4 Smiles.
1055 NW Maple Street, Suite 103, Issaquah
98027………………….….425-392-0980
9709 3rd Avenue NE, Suite 206, Seattle
98115……………….…….…….206-523-6327
6720 Fort Dent Way, Tukwila
98188……………………………………….206-246-9656
www.angolkar4smiles.com
Spanish
Vietnamese Unknown N/A Yes Yes Yes Yes
ORAL SURGEONS
Dr. Walter F. Foto………………………………………….…………….…253-863-2200
20071 State Route 410 East, Bonney Lake 98391
Spanish
Vietnamese Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Dr. Darlene M. Chan………………………………………….……………206-938-8572
4744 41st Avenue SW, Seattle 98116
(Accepts DSHS CNP Only)
Vietnamese
Cantonese Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
DSHS Kent Dentist
What good is state assistance (DSHS) medical coverage if no dentist will accept it for payment?
Our family has DSHS coverage and so far I've found a dentist
who will see my kids, but can't find one that will see me! What good does it
have to have this coverage if no dentist will accept it? I'm starting to think
that dentists are all rather greedy people (perhaps worse than lawyers!) All
they seem to care about is money. What about low income folk? Do we not matter
at all? Is making money a higher priority to dentists than caring for all
people regardless of their economic status? Many people would agree we need
universal health care. But what about dental care? The costs of seeing a
dentist is beyond what most can afford- including those who have some form of
insurance. It's ridiculous. People can DIE from tooth infections...not to
mention the great pain they cause. What's up with dentists??? I want to know.
3 years ago
Additional Details
I have a broken molar and exposed root. It's amazing to me
how callous all the dental offices I've talked to so far have been. And you
know they realize the pain involved and the danger...I guess I don't understand
how anyone can be so cold hearted, particularly those that KNOW exactly what
they are turning away. Is the almighty dollar sign really more important than
human life?
3 years ago
Just so you all know, I'm NOT sitting on my @ss collecting
welfare. (That's an assumption and exactly the type of prejudiced type of
attitude I keep running into from people- dentists- who don't know me.) I'm a
single/divorced mother of three, a full time college student, supporting my
family on my school grant money while I try and finish my last quarter. I have
a 3.98 accumulative gpa, and though I am a smoker (thanks for the added
prejudiced attitude against smokers, Dr. Sam), as of June I'll have my degree
in chemical dependency counseling. I've overcome a lot, an abusive marriage, no
child support, no help whatsoever. I don't get welfare. My family gets medical
assistance and THAT'S it, even though we actually qualify for money, I won't
apply for it. I have my pride. But whatever.
Thanks to all of you who answered this question without
judging me. I understand my question was judgmental toward dentists, but heck,
I've talked to so many (15 + offices) and got nowhere.
3 years ago
Please forgive me for being in pain, frustrated, angry and
defensive. It's a bad enough situation without having to defend why my family
is on state medical assistance.
You can bet this will be on my mind when I cast my vote for
our next President.
3 years ago
Dr. Sam, thank you for taking the time to answer this
question. I understand what you are saying, and can empathize. I hope our next
President will do something to help lower the costs of dental care for all, so
that you don't have to take a loss and patients who need care can actually get
it.
3 years ago
Report Abuse
Picture Taker
Best Answer - Chosen by Asker
First of all, there ARE public health clinics who accept
Medicaid in all states. It may not be convenient, but they are there. They
might be "new" dentists, but they are licensed.
Unfortunately, there are so many people living at the
poverty level, the backlog for Medicaid care is horrendous. Understand that
Medicaid (in my state) will reimburse the dentist about $35 for removing a
tooth. It costs more to pay the staff than that. New Jersey has not had a major
fee revision in over 20 years and the fees were horrible 20 years ago. Many
would GIVE away the care, but to work for Medicaid fees usually means that the
doctor is paying for part of your care out of his own pocket, as he still has
to meet expenses. In my little office in a rural area, it costs about $185-200
per hour to open the office. That MUST be paid before I have a penny to put in
my own pocket. I can't see a Medicaid patient and do four extractions, which
would take about an hour, and lose $60 of my own money. I do not mean I'd make
$60 less than usual. I mean it would cost me $60 out of my pocket to make up
the difference so I could pay my staff and the electric company, etc., and I'd
have nothing at all for my efforts and liability.
~~~~~~~~~~
Free Care
Contact your local or state dental association and and see
if there are any dentists who provide free or reduced cost care for low-income,
disabled or senior patients.
Call your local health department and ask about health
centers that provide dental care for free or on a sliding scale.
Your local United Way may also be aware of such a clinic. In
some areas, you can reach them now by dialing 2-1-1 for "non-emergency
information."
Go to a dental school, if there is one near you, for reduced
costs.
If you are a senior citizen, call your local Area Agency on
Aging or Office on Aging. If you can not find a listing in your local phone
book on the "County Government" pages (usually marked with blue
borders), call toll-free 1-800-677-1116 to find how to contact the Area Agency
on Aging serving you.
Check http://www.toothwoman.net to see if low-cost or free
dental services are available near you.
Check http://bphc.hrsa.gov and choose "Find a Health
Center" to see if there is a low-cost clinic near you.
Check http://nfdh.org/joomla_nfdh/content/view… to see if
your state has a "Donated Dental Services" program. D.D.S. is
designed to locate dentists who will give free care to patients who are
financially compromised due to medical problems. This is a process that will
take a couple of months to get your information and then arrange for someone to
see you. Not all states have D.D.S. programs.
I personally offer free care or reduced fee care or
"overlook the bill" care when I know the exact circumstances of a
person's financial position. If they have had a medical hardship, for instance,
I am sympathetic. You can't come in just looking for free care, though. You
have to come in with the intentions of doing the best you can and then I decide
exactly how I am going to handle the financial aspect. I can usually tell who
is actually trying to pay and who simply wants to skip out on me. I do not
usually consider smokers to be in financial need, though. If they can find a
couple thousand dollars a year for cigarettes, they could find the same amount
of money and fix almost any dental problem. Maybe you can find a local dentist
who has the same attitude.
3 years ago
Report Abuse
Asker's Rating:Asker's Comment:
Thank you for taking the time to explain how dentists may view their side of this issue. I really do appreciate the insight. I think it's something many people are truly not aware of.
The Department of Social and Health Services is an integrated organization of high-performing programs working in partnership for statewide impact to help transform lives.
The Department’s mission is to improve the safety and health
of individuals, families and communities by providing leadership and
establishing and participating in partnerships.
Our core values are:
Excellence in service
Respect
Collaboration and partnership
Diversity
Accountability
Together we will decrease poverty, improve safety and health
status and increase educational and employment success to support people and
communities in reaching their potential.
Each year, more than 2.2 million children, families,
vulnerable adults and seniors come to us for protection, comfort, food
assistance, financial aid, medical and behavioral health care and other
services.
As one department, with one vision, one mission and one core
set of values, we are able to provide services from multiple programs to meet
the multiple needs of the majority of clients.
We recognize ours is a shared responsibility with dedicated
family members, foster parents, community groups, religious organizations,
private providers and other government agencies.
Our mission statement and strategy
Office locations
Resources for reporters
Acronyms we use
Government relations
Learn about the Department's programs
Public accountability
How we budget our public dollars
Government management, accountability and performance - GMAP
Our sustainability
Public records
Dentistry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the dental profession. For tooth care
see oral hygiene and dental surgery.
Dentist
A dentist and dental assistant treating a patient.
Occupation
Names Dentist
Activity sectors Medicine
Description
Education required Dental
degree
Fields of employment Hospitals,
Private Practices
Related jobs Oral
and Maxillofacial Surgery
Average salary $136,303
[1]
Dentistry, which is a part of stomatology, is the branch of
medicine that is involved in the evaluation, diagnosis, prevention, and
surgical or non-surgical treatment of diseases, disorders and conditions of the
oral cavity, maxillofacial area and the adjacent and associated structures and
their impact on the human body.[2] Dentistry is widely considered necessary for
complete overall health. Those who practice dentistry are known as dentists.
The dentist's supporting team aides in providing oral health services, which
includes dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and dental
therapists.
Contents [hide]
1 Overview
1.1 Dental Surgery and Treatments
1.2 Prevention
2 Education and licensing
3 Specialties
4 History
5 Priority patients
6 Geography
7 Organizations
8 See also
8.1 Lists
9 References
10 External links
[edit]Overview
Sagittal section of a tooth
[edit]Dental Surgery and Treatments
Dentistry usually encompasses very important practices
related to the oral cavity. Oral diseases are major public health problems due
to their high incidence and prevalence across the globe with the disadvantaged
affected more than other socio-economic groups.[3]
Although modern day dental practice centres around
prevention, many treatments or interventions are still needed. The majority of
dental treatments are carried out to prevent or treat the two most common oral
diseases which are dental caries (tooth decay) and periodontal disease (gum
disease or pyorrhea). Common treatments involve the restoration of teeth as a
treatment for dental caries (fillings), extraction or surgical removal of teeth
which cannot be restored, scaling of teeth to treat periodontal problems and
endodontic root canal treatment to treat abscessed teeth.
All dentists train for around 4 or 5 years at University and
qualify as a 'dental surgeon'. By nature of their general training they can
carry out the majority of dental treatments such as restorative (fillings,
crowns, bridges), prosthetic (dentures), endodontic (root canal) therapy,periodontal
(gum) therapy, and exodontia (extraction of teeth), as well as performing
examinations, radiographs (x-rays) and diagnosis. Dentists can also prescribe
certain medications such as antibiotics, fluorides, and sedatives but they are
not able to prescribe the full range that physicians can.
Dentists need to take additional qualifications or training
to carry out more complex treatments such as sedation, oral and maxillofacial
surgery, and implants. Whilst the majority of oral diseases are unique and self
limiting, some can indicate poor general health,tumours,blood dyscrasias and
abnormalities including genetic problems.
[edit]Prevention
Dentists also encourage prevention of dental caries through
proper hygiene (tooth brushing and flossing), fluoride, and tooth polishing.
Dental sealants are plastic materials applied to one or more teeth, for the
intended purpose of preventing dental caries (cavities) or other forms of tooth
decay. Recognized but less conventional preventive agents include xylitol,
which is bacteriostatic,[4] casein derivatives,[5] and proprietary products
such as Cavistat BasicMints.[6]
[edit]Education and licensing
Early dental chair in Pioneer West Museum in Shamrock, Texas
The first dental school, Baltimore College of Dental
Surgery, opened in Baltimore, Maryland, USA in 1840. Philadelphia Dental
College was founded in 1863 and is the second in the United States. In 1907
Temple University accepted a bid to incorporate the school.
Studies showed that dentists graduated from different
countries,[7] or even from different dental schools in one country,[8] may have
different clinical decisions for the same clinical condition. For example,
dentists graduated from Israeli dental schools may recommend more often for the
removal of asymptomatic impacted third molar (wisdom teeth) than dentists
graduated from Latin American or Eastern European dental schools.[9]
In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the 1878
British Dentists Act and 1879 Dentists Register limited the title of
"dentist" and "dental surgeon" to qualified and registered
practitioners.[10][11] However, others could legally describe themselves as
"dental experts" or "dental consultants".[12] The practice
of dentistry in the United Kingdom became fully regulated with the 1921
Dentists Act, which required the registration of anyone practicing
dentistry.[13] The British Dental Association, formed in 1880 with Sir John
Tomes as president, played a major role in prosecuting dentists practising
illegally.[10]
In Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Sweden, Germany, the United States,
and Canada, a dentist is a healthcare professional qualified to practice
dentistry after graduating with a degree of either Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS)
or Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD). This is equivalent to the Bachelor of
Dental Surgery/Baccalaureus Dentalis Chirurgiae (BDS, BDent, BChD, BDSc) that
is awarded in the UK and British Commonwealth countries. In most western
countries, to become a qualified dentist one must usually complete at least 4
years of postgraduate study[citation needed]; within the European Union the
education has to be at least 5 years. Dentists usually complete between 5 to 8
years of post-secondary education before practising. Though not mandatory, many
dentists choose to complete an internship or residency focusing on specific
aspects of dental care after they have received their dental degree.
[edit]Specialties
Main article: Specialty (dentistry)
[edit]History
Please help improve this article by expanding it. Further
information might be found on the talk page. (November 2008)
Farmer at the dentist, Johann Liss, c. 1616-17.
A modern Dentist's chair in a Public Hospital Na Wa, Nakhon
Phanom province, Thailand.
The Indus Valley Civilization has yielded evidence of
dentistry being practiced as far back as 7000 BC.[14] This earliest form of
dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated,
perhaps, by skilled bead craftsmen.[15] The reconstruction of this ancient form
of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective.[16]
A Sumerian text from 5000 BC describes a "tooth
worm" as the cause of dental caries.[17] Evidence of this belief has also
been found in ancient India, Egypt, Japan, and China. The legend of the worm is
also found in the writings of Homer, and as late as the 14th century AD the
surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth
decay.[18]
The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written in the 17th century BC but
which may reflect previous manuscripts from as early as 3000 BC, includes the
treatment of several dental ailments.[19][20] In the 18th century BC, the Code
of Hammurabi referenced dental extraction twice as it related to
punishment.[21] Examination of the remains of some ancient Egyptians and
Greco-Romans reveals early attempts at dental prosthetics and surgery.[22]
Ancient Greek scholars Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote about
dentistry, including the eruption pattern of teeth, treating decayed teeth and
gum disease, extracting teeth with forceps, and using wires to stabilize loose
teeth and fractured jaws.[23] Some say the first use of dental appliances or
bridges comes from the Etruscans from as early as 700 BC.[24] Further research
suggested that 3000 B.C. In ancient Egypt, Hesi-Re is the first named “dentist”
(greatest of the teeth). The Egyptians bind replacement teeth together with
gold wire. Roman medical writer Cornelius Celsus wrote extensively of oral
diseases as well as dental treatments such as narcotic-containing emollients
and astringents.[25][26]
Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a
variety of illnesses. During the Middle Ages and throughout the 19th century,
dentistry was not a profession in itself, and often dental procedures were
performed by barbers or general physicians. Barbers usually limited their
practice to extracting teeth which alleviated pain and associated chronic tooth
infection. Instruments used for dental extractions date back several centuries.
In the 14th century, Guy de Chauliac invented the dental pelican[27]
(resembling a pelican's beak) which was used up until the late 18th century.
The pelican was replaced by the dental key[27] which, in turn, was replaced by
modern forceps in the 20th century.[citation needed]
The first book focused solely on dentistry was the
"Artzney Buchlein" in 1530,[28] and the first dental textbook written
in English was called "Operator for the Teeth" by Charles Allen in
1685.[11] It was between 1650 and 1800 that the science of modern dentistry
developed. It is said that the 17th century French physician Pierre Fauchard
started dentistry science as we know it today, and he has been named "the
father of modern dentistry".[29] Among many of his developments were the
extensive use of dental prosthesis, the introduction of dental fillings as a
treatment for dental caries and the statement that sugar derivate acids such as
tartaric acid are responsible for dental decay.
There has been a problem of quackery in the history of dentistry,
and accusations of quackery among some dental practitioners persist today.[30]
[edit]Priority patients
UK NHS priority patients include patients with congenital
abnormalities (such as cleft palates and hypodontia), patients who have
suffered orofacial trauma and those being treated for cancer in the head and
neck region. These are treated in a multidisciplinary team approach with other
hospital based dental specialties orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery. Other
priority patients include those with infections (either third molars or
necrotic teeth which can often infect the brain) or avulsed permanent teeth, as
well as patients with a history of smoking or smokeless tobacco with ulcers in
the oral cavity also.
[edit]Geography
Main article: Dentistry throughout the world
[edit]Organizations
Main article: List of dental organizations
[edit]See also
Dentistry
portal
At Wikiversity you can learn more and teach others about
Dentistry at:
The School of Dentistry
Main articles: List of basic dentistry topics and Index of
oral health and dental articles
Barodontalgia
Biodontics
Calculus
Crown
Dental amalgam
Dental brace
Dental cavities
Dental extraction
Dental fear
Dental implants
Dental notation
Dental restoration
Dentin
Eco-friendly dentistry
Fluoridation
Fluoride therapy
Gingivitis
Halitosis
Dental laboratory
Minimal intervention dentistry
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Oral hygiene
Patron Saint of dentistry (Saint Apollonia)
Periodontitis
Plaque
Toothache
Xerostomia
[edit]Lists
List of dentists
List of oral health and dental topics
List of dental schools in the United States
[edit]References
^ "Dentist salary". Salary.com. Retrieved 30 May
2010.
^ Dentistry Definitions, hosted on the American Dental
Association website. Page accessed 30 May 2010. This definition was adopted the
association's House of Delegates in 1997.
^ The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement
of oral health in the 21st century – the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health
Programme
^ American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2006) Policy on
the Use of Xylitol in Caries Prevention.
^ Azarpazhooh, A.; Limeback, H. (1 July 2008).
"Clinical Efficacy of Casein Derivatives: A Systematic Review of the
Literature". The Journal of the American Dental Association (Am Dental
Assoc) 139 (7): 915. PMID 18594077.
^ "Experimental chewy mint beats tooth decay".
Dentistry.co.uk. 2008-04-09. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
^ Zadik Yehuda, Levin Liran (January 2008). "Clinical
decision making in restorative dentistry, endodontics, and antibiotic
prescription". J Dent Educ 72 (1): 81–6. PMID 18172239.
^ Zadik Yehuda, Levin Liran (April 2006). "Decision
making of Hebrew University and Tel Aviv University Dental Schools graduates in
every day dentistry--is there a difference?". J Isr Dent Assoc 23 (2):
19–23. PMID 16886872.
^ Zadik Yehuda, Levin Liran (April 2007). "Decision
making of Israeli, East European, and South American dental school graduates in
third molar surgery: is there a difference?". J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65
(4): 658–62. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2006.09.002. PMID 17368360. Retrieved
2008-07-16.
^ a b Gelbier, Stanley. 125 Years of Developments in
Dentistry. British Dental Journal (2005); 199, 470-473. Page accessed 11
December 2007. The 1879 register is referred to as the "Dental
Register".
^ a b The story of dentistry: Dental History Timeline,
hosted on the British Dental Association website. Page accessed 2 March 2010.
^ "Failure of Act". The Glasgow Herald. 8 February
1955. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
^ History of Dental Surgery in Edinburgh, hosted on the
Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh website. Page accessed 11 December 2007.
^ Coppa, A. et al. 2006. Early Neolithic tradition of
dentistry. Nature. Volume 440. 6 April 2006.
^ BBC (2006). Stone age man used dentist drill.
^ MSNBC (2008). Dig uncovers ancient roots of dentistry.
^ History of Dentistry: Ancient Origins, hosted on the
American Dental Association website. Page accessed 9 January 2007.
^ Suddick, Richard P. and Norman O. Harris. "Historical
Perspectives of Oral Biology: A Series". Critical Reviews in Oral Biology
and Medicine, 1(2), pages 135-151, 1990.
^ Arab, M. Sameh. Medicine in Ancient Egypt. Page accessed
15 December 2007.
^ Ancient Egyptian Dentistry, hosted on the University of
Oklahoma website. Page accessed 15 December 2007.
^ Wilwerding, Terry. History of Dentistry, hosted on the
Creighton University School of Dentistry website, page 4. Page accessed 15
December 2007.
^ "Medicine in Ancient Egypt 3".
Arabworldbooks.com. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
^ History of Dentistry Ancient Origins[dead link]
^ "History of Dentistry Research Page,
Newsletter". Rcpsg.ac.uk. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
^ "Dentistry - Skill And Superstition".
Science.jrank.org. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
^ "Dental Treatment in the Ancient Times".
Dentaltreatment.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
^ a b "Antique Dental Instruments". Dmd.co.il.
Retrieved 2010-04-18.
^ History of Dentistry Middle Ages[dead link]
^ History of Dentistry Articles[dead link]
^ Ring, Malvin E (1998). "Quackery in Dentistry -- Past
and Present". Journal of the California Dental Association. Retrieved 21
March 2009.
[edit]External links
Look up
dentistry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia
Commons has media related to: Dentistry
The American Academy of the History of Dentistry
Information resource for UK dental professionals
The Community Health Access Program (CHAP), supported by
Public Health - Seattle & King County and endorsed by theSeattle-King
County Dental Society, links children covered by Medicaid or from low-income
families to dental care. . Interpreters and translated materials are available.
Call (206) 284-0331 or 1-(800)-756-5437
Public Health Dental Clinics
Downtown Public Health Center, Dental Clinic
2124 4th Ave.
Seattle, WA 98121
206-205-0577
Hours: Monday to Friday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM
Clients served: 1 through 18 years; 60 years and over;
pregnant women with medical coupons
North Public Health Center, Dental Clinic
12359 Lake City Way NE
Seattle, WA 98125
206-205-8580
Hours: Monday to Wednesday and Friday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM
Thursday, 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM
Clients served: 1 through 18 years; 60 years and over;
pregnant women with medical coupons
Columbia Public Health Center, Dental Clinic
4400 37th Ave. S.
Seattle, WA 98118
206-296-4625
Hours: Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Friday
8:00 AM to 6:30 PM
Wednesday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM
Clients served: 1 through 18 years; 60 years and over;
pregnant women currently enrolled as a Public Health patient with medical
coupons.
Renton Public Health Center, Dental Clinic
10700 SE 174th, Suite 101
Renton, WA 98055
206-296-4955
Hours: Monday 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM
Tuesday to FrIday, 7:00 AM to 5:00 PM
Clients served: 1 through 18 years; 60 years and over,
pregnant women with medical coupons
Eastgate Public Health Center, Dental Clinic
14350 SE Eastgate Way
Bellevue, WA 98007
206-296-9726
Hours: Monday to Friday, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM
Clients served: 1 through 19 years, pregnant women with medical coupons
